Electrical and Electronic Laboratory
Objectives:
Learn about different electrical and electronic machines.
Learn about the working principle of those machines.
Learn about the application of those machines.
Machines Used in Laboratory:
Ammeter:
Ammeter, instrument for measuring either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) electric
current, in amperes. An ammeter can measure a wide range of current values because at high values only a small portion of the current is directed through the metre mechanism; a shunt in parallel with the metre carries the major portion. The ammeter is usually connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured.
Voltmeter:
A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel.
Ohmmeter:
Ohmmeter, instrument for measuring electrical resistance, which is expressed in ohms. In the simplest ohmmeters, the resistance to be measured may be connected to the instrument in parallel or in series. Multimeters also function as ohmmeters when in resistance-measuring mode. An ohmmeter applies current to the circuit or component whose resistance is to be measured.
Galvanometer:
A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric current. Early galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved versions, called ammeters, were calibrated and could measure the flow of current more precisely.
Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyse the
waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.
A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC) waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several megahertz (MHz). High-end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to several hundred gigahertz (Ghz).
DC Generator:
A DC generator is an electrical machine whose main function is to convert mechanical energy into electricity. When the conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf will be generated
based on the electromagnetic induction principle of Faraday’s Laws. This electromotive force can cause a flow of current when the conductor circuit is closed.
DC Motor:
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor.
Induction Motor:
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
Project Board/Breadboard:
This breadboard can be used to prototype electronic circuits without soldering. It works great for connecting and testing sensors, IC's, or other circuits.
They come with connecting patch cords for making inter connections. These boards are very useful for fabrication of circuit board build & connection the Power Supply from the same board.
Digital Multimeter:
A digital multimeter, or DMM, measures and verifies multiple electrical stimuli, including voltage, current and resistance. It's a daily diagnostic tool used by technicians and electrical engineers and combines the features of a voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter.
Diode:
Diode, an electrical component that allows the flow of current in only one direction. In circuit diagrams, a diode is represented by a triangle with a line across one vertex.
Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to conduct electric current in only one direction.
Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.
Electrical and Electronic Lab Safety:
Switch all tools OFF before connecting them to a power supply.
Disconnect and lockout the power supply before completing any maintenance work tasks or making adjustments.
Ensure tools are properly grounded or double-insulated. The grounded equipment must have an approved 3-wire cord with a 3-prong plug. This plug should be plugged in a properly grounded 3-pole outlet.
Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity tester or a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) before use.
Do not bypass the on/off switch and operate the tools by connecting and disconnecting the power cord.
Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions or damp locations unless the equipment is connected to a GFCI.
Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents.
Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases, unless they are intrinsically safe and only if you follow the manufacturer's guidelines.
Course: EEE-1 (1.2)
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